When comparing literacy trends in America with other developed nations, the U.S. ranks around the middle of the pack. In the 2022 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), American 15-year-olds achieved an average reading literacy score of 504, slightly above the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) average of 476. However, top-performing countries like Singapore (543) and Finland (549) scored significantly higher, demonstrating more advanced literacy proficiency among their students. (nces.ed.gov)

Compared to Canada, Japan, and Germany—countries with strong literacy programs—the U.S. shows mixed results. Canada, which scored an average of 527 on the PISA reading assessment, attributes its success to a consistent national curriculum and a focus on early literacy interventions. Japan, with an average score of 520, places a high cultural emphasis on education and reading, supported by rigorous academic standards. Germany, scoring 508, has a robust vocational education system but also emphasizes reading fluency and comprehension in its early education policies. In contrast, U.S. literacy outcomes vary widely by state, reflecting disparities in educational funding and instructional methods.

One reason for the disparity is the approach to reading instruction. Many high-ranking countries emphasize a balanced literacy model that combines phonics with comprehension strategies, while also focusing heavily on early language development and family literacy initiatives. Countries such as Finland prioritize teacher quality by requiring advanced degrees and specialized training in literacy instruction. In contrast, the U.S. has struggled with adopting a consistent, evidence-based reading instruction approach, leading to varying results depending on state and district policies. (journal.imse.com)

Despite these differences, recent reforms in the U.S., such as the increasing adoption of the “Science of Reading” methodology, aim to close the gap by aligning more closely with evidence-based practices used in top-performing countries. If these efforts continue, future PISA assessments may reflect a stronger U.S. performance. Of course, no one literacy instruction method is perfect for all students. In fact, a balanced approach is the best way to reach a diverse population of learners. It may be time to consider extending reading instruction through middle school and into high school.